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Understanding Ballistics: Environmental Factors That Affect Long-Range Shooting

Writer: MacMac

Updated: Nov 25, 2024






Mastering long-range shooting requires more than just understanding your rifle and scope—it also requires a solid grasp of ballistics and environmental influences. Here are the primary factors that can affect your shot:


  • Wind: The greatest challenge in long-range shooting, wind can push your bullet off course, especially over longer distances. Learning to read wind direction and speed and adjusting accordingly is critical.

  • Humidity: Although its effect is subtle, humidity affects air density, and therefore, bullet trajectory. Higher humidity decreases air density, resulting in slightly flatter trajectories.

  • Temperature: Hotter air is less dense, allowing bullets to travel faster and flatter, while cold air increases drag, causing the bullet to drop more than expected.

  • Altitude: At higher altitudes, the air is thinner, which reduces drag on the bullet. Shooters in mountainous regions will notice their bullets fly flatter compared to sea level.

  • Barrel Temperature: After several shots, a barrel heats up and can change the point of impact. Consistency in barrel temperature can help maintain accuracy.


Understanding these factors and how they interact with your rifle and ammunition is key to mastering precision shooting.


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